![]() These results are consistent with a role for ovarian hormones acting on the brain to influence cognitive and behavioral development, although they do not rule out other possible interpretations. Differing experiences, as indexed by interests and activities, did not explain the observed cognitive and motor differences. Patients also had more & amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp quot undifferentiated& amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp quot personalities and showed reduced sex-typed interests and activities. Our findings indicated that TS patients and controls differed more on cognitive and motor domains that show sex differences than on sex-neutral domains. It was hypothesized that, if gonadal function contributes to behavioral development, effects of this deficiency would be more prominent on sexually differentiated than sex-neutral measures and thus that patient-control differences would be most marked for measures that show sex differences. Measures were categorized (based on prior studies) as showing an average male advantage (male-superior measures), female advantage (female-superior measures), or no sex difference (sex-neutral measures). We compared girls and women (ages 12 and up) with TS (n = 21) to matched controls (n = 21) in cognitive and motor skills, as well as sex-typed personality characteristics and activity preferences. To better understand factors contributing to behavioral development, we studied patients with Turner syndrome (TS), a disorder typically marked by prenatal onset of ovarian dysfunction. The theoretical implications and practical importance of these findings are broadly discussed. Considering the evidence observed in the present study and other similar works, it is very likely that sex differences in performing memory strategies, but not in the true size of short term memory, are the underlying reasons of the observed differences. However, analyzing the frequency of extreme scores revealed that females were slightly overrepresented in the lower tail of the score distribution. Similar to some previous studies, no significant difference was observed between males and females' mean score. Participants see or hear a sequence of numerical digits and are tasked to recall. To this end, a sample of 120 young adults ranging from 16 to 25 years old from Persian population was measured and the memory span scores were analyzed using the classical method of comparing the mean score as well as the relatively new method of comparing the frequency of extreme performances. A digit-span task is used to measure working memorys number storage capacity. The focus of this article was to study potential sex differences in verbal forward digit span. In spite of numerous attempts, the previous studies yielded inconsistent results. Clinical psychologists generally interpret lower scores on Digit Span (DS) relative to other Wechsler subtests as indicating anxiety. Nevertheless, sex differences in digit span as an index of the phonological loop-one of the main components of the working memory system-remain puzzling. The overarching role of working memory, its characteristics, and functions in our cognitive system is crystal clear. ![]()
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